~ESP~ @* *@

Extrasensory perception (ESP), also commonly referred to as the sixth sense, involves reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses but sensed with the mind. The term was coined by German psychical researcher, Rudolf Tischner, and adopted by Duke University psychologist J. B. Rhine to denote psychic abilities such as telepathy and clairvoyance, and their trans-temporal operation as precognition or retrocognition. ESP is also sometimes casually referred to as a sixth sense, gut instinct or hunch, which are historical English idioms. The term implies acquisition of information by means external to the basic limiting assumptions of science, such as that organisms can only receive information from the past to the present.

Parapsychology is the study of paranormal psychic phenomena, including ESP. Parapsychologists generally regard such tests as the ganzfeld experiment as providing compelling evidence for the existence of ESP. The scientific community does not accept this due to the disputed evidence base, the lack of a theory which would explain ESP, and the lack of experimental techniques which can provide reliably positive results

Sequence, position and psychological effects

Rhine and other parapsychologists found that some subjects, or some conditions, produced significant below-chance scoring (psi-missing); or that scores declined during testing (the "decline effect").^[14][15]focusing effect identified in the decade-long research with Pavel Stepanek. Some such "internal effects" in ESP scores have also appeared to be idiosyncratic to particular participants or research methods. Most notable is the

Personality measures have also been tested. People who believe in psi ("sheep") tend to score above chance, while those who do not believe in psi ("goats") show null results or psi-missing. This has become known as the "sheep-goat effect".^[16]

Prediction of decline and other position effects has proved challenging, although they have been often identified in data gathered for the purpose of observing other effects.^[17] Personality and attitudinal effects have shown greater predictability, with meta-analysis of parapsychological databases showing the sheep-goat effect, and other traits, to have significant and reliable effects over the accumulated data

Cognitive and humanistic research

In the 1960s, in line with the development of cognitive psychologyhumanistic psychology, parapsychologists became increasingly interested in the cognitive components of ESP, the subjective experience involved in making ESP responses, and the role of ESP in psychological life. Memory, for instance, was offered as a better model of psi than perception. This called for experimental procedures that were not limited to Rhine's favoured forced-choice methodology. Free-response measures, such as used by Carington in the 1930s, were developed with attempts to raise the sensitivity of participants to their cognitions. These procedures included relaxation, meditation, REM-sleep, and the Ganzfeld (a mild sensory deprivation procedure). These studies have proved to be even more successful than Rhine's forced-choice paradigm, with meta-analyses evidencing reliable effects, and many confirmatory replication studies.^[20][21] Methodological hypotheses have still been raised to explain the results, while others have sought to advance theoretical development in parapsychology on their bases. Moving research out of the laboratory and into naturalistic settings, and taking advantage of naturally occurring conditions, has been a related development.

Extrasensory perception and hypnosis

There is a common belief ^{[citation needed]} that a hypnotized person is able to demonstrate ESP. Carl Sargent, a psychology major at the University of Cambridge, heard about the early claims of a hypnosis – ESP link and designed an experiment to test whether they had merit. He recruited 40 fellow college students, none of whom identified themselves as having ESP, and then divided them into a group that would be hypnotized before being tested with a pack of 25 Zener cards, and a control group that would be tested with the same Zener cards. The control subjects averaged a score of 5 out of 25 right, exactly what chance would indicate. The subjects who were hypnotized did more than twice as well, averaging a score of 11.9 out of 25 right. Sargent's own interpretation of the experiment is that ESP is associated with a relaxed state of mind and a freer, more atavistic level of consciousness.^{[dubious – discuss][citation needed]}

p/s:

#adakah anda salah sorg dr mereka..??

#ikutila perkembangan ny bersama DR keluarga anda..or pakar sakit jiwa(it doesn't mean u ar one of them..)

#tajuk ini menarik dan ad skit kaitan ngan subjek PsYCholOGy(2nd yr of mansura university..perception..)

#hayati ny..kalo nk kaitan ngan certa..ikut certa ilusi tv3..yg skrg sedang hangat..

#certa ini dpt membantu dalam penyampaian maksud yg sebenar apakah erti ESP..dan this is from my beloved queen..she is suggesting me about this drama..yg rase ny sgt bagus..kpd bakal pakar-pakar sakit jiwa(bkn khusus kpd penyakit..ttp mungkin 1amanah/kelebihan yg perlu digunakn dgn baik..(esp 13 dan 14)

#thanks to my ibu..certa ni menarik..wpon mula-mula rase tah ape2 je kan(ad kaitan ngan cinta-cinta monyet yg xkesampaian..huhu..lawak pon ad tp ibu perna kate sbnr ny perna blaku perkara ini tp just they wanna to expose or let our community know it..hermm..ye?really..1st time xleh nk terima pndapat ni..tp lama-lama bila da dewasa..kt akan mula bpk..adakah betul or false..)berbalik pd certa td..pd pertghan ny begitu menarik..dan ad kaitan ngan karier sorg DR to be..insyaALLAH..

#berdakit-dakit ke hulu berenang-berenang ke tepian..

#sikit-sikit dlu..byk-byk kemudian..